| Indonesian ≠ Malay | Bahasa Indonesia and Malaysian Malay are mutually intelligible but separate standards, with different official terminology, spelling and issuing authorities. Use Malay wording and the document misses the Indonesian norm. | We translate exclusively into standard Indonesian and keep it cleanly apart from Malaysian Malay. |
| Old vs new spelling on names | Pre-1972 spelling (oe, dj, tj) survives on older certificates, so a name appears as Soeharto in one document and Suharto in another — and diverges from the passport. | We keep the name exactly as the passport shows it and flag the spelling variant where an authority needs the link made explicit. |
| Affixes changing meaning | Affixes (me-, ber-, -kan, -i) turn one root into many words with distinct meanings. Misread the affix and an obligation, a causative or a state is rendered wrongly. | Derived forms are analysed by a native specialist, so each affixed word is rendered with its exact meaning. |
| No tense means dates must be explicit | Indonesian has no verb tense; time comes from context. Translate literally into German or English and a completed event can read as ongoing, shifting a deadline or status. | Time and sequence are made explicit with the correct German/English tense, so status and deadlines read as intended. |
| Formal (baku) vs colloquial register | Official documents use the formal baku register; colloquial forms or slang would be wrong on a certificate or contract. | We write in the formal register throughout, matching the tone an authority or court expects. |
| Reduplication read as a typo | Reduplication (anak-anak) marks plural or intensity, not a repeated word. Read as a duplication error, number and nuance are lost. | Reduplicated forms are rendered for their real function — plural, variety or intensity — never dropped as a typo. |
| "penerjemah tersumpah" ≠ "authorised translator" | In Indonesia a sworn translator (penerjemah tersumpah) is appointed by Kemenkumham; in Germany it is a court-authorised translator. The systems are not identical. | We clarify in advance where the document applies and set the right form: a certified translation for Germany, or the penerjemah tersumpah route for Indonesia. |